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Many soundcards have built-in MIDI (MPU401-UART)
interfaces. When the soundcard supports the standard MPU401-UART
interface, most likely you can use the ALSA MPU401-UART API. The
MPU401-UART API is defined in
<sound/mpu401.h>.
Some soundchips have a similar but slightly different implementation of mpu401 stuff. For example, emu10k1 has its own mpu401 routines.