1<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
2<!DOCTYPE book PUBLIC "-//OASIS//DTD DocBook XML V4.1.2//EN"
3	"http://www.oasis-open.org/docbook/xml/4.1.2/docbookx.dtd" []>
4
5<book id="DoingIO">
6 <bookinfo>
7  <title>Bus-Independent Device Accesses</title>
8  
9  <authorgroup>
10   <author>
11    <firstname>Matthew</firstname>
12    <surname>Wilcox</surname>
13    <affiliation>
14     <address>
15      <email>matthew@wil.cx</email>
16     </address>
17    </affiliation>
18   </author>
19  </authorgroup>
20
21  <authorgroup>
22   <author>
23    <firstname>Alan</firstname>
24    <surname>Cox</surname>
25    <affiliation>
26     <address>
27      <email>alan@lxorguk.ukuu.org.uk</email>
28     </address>
29    </affiliation>
30   </author>
31  </authorgroup>
32
33  <copyright>
34   <year>2001</year>
35   <holder>Matthew Wilcox</holder>
36  </copyright>
37
38  <legalnotice>
39   <para>
40     This documentation is free software; you can redistribute
41     it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public
42     License as published by the Free Software Foundation; either
43     version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later
44     version.
45   </para>
46      
47   <para>
48     This program is distributed in the hope that it will be
49     useful, but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied
50     warranty of MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
51     See the GNU General Public License for more details.
52   </para>
53      
54   <para>
55     You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public
56     License along with this program; if not, write to the Free
57     Software Foundation, Inc., 59 Temple Place, Suite 330, Boston,
58     MA 02111-1307 USA
59   </para>
60      
61   <para>
62     For more details see the file COPYING in the source
63     distribution of Linux.
64   </para>
65  </legalnotice>
66 </bookinfo>
67
68<toc></toc>
69
70  <chapter id="intro">
71      <title>Introduction</title>
72  <para>
73	Linux provides an API which abstracts performing IO across all busses
74	and devices, allowing device drivers to be written independently of
75	bus type.
76  </para>
77  </chapter>
78
79  <chapter id="bugs">
80     <title>Known Bugs And Assumptions</title>
81  <para>
82	None.	
83  </para>
84  </chapter>
85
86  <chapter id="mmio">
87    <title>Memory Mapped IO</title>
88    <sect1 id="getting_access_to_the_device">
89      <title>Getting Access to the Device</title>
90      <para>
91	The most widely supported form of IO is memory mapped IO.
92	That is, a part of the CPU's address space is interpreted
93	not as accesses to memory, but as accesses to a device.  Some
94	architectures define devices to be at a fixed address, but most
95	have some method of discovering devices.  The PCI bus walk is a
96	good example of such a scheme.	This document does not cover how
97	to receive such an address, but assumes you are starting with one.
98	Physical addresses are of type unsigned long. 
99      </para>
100
101      <para>
102	This address should not be used directly.  Instead, to get an
103	address suitable for passing to the accessor functions described
104	below, you should call <function>ioremap</function>.
105	An address suitable for accessing the device will be returned to you.
106      </para>
107
108      <para>
109	After you've finished using the device (say, in your module's
110	exit routine), call <function>iounmap</function> in order to return
111	the address space to the kernel.  Most architectures allocate new
112	address space each time you call <function>ioremap</function>, and
113	they can run out unless you call <function>iounmap</function>.
114      </para>
115    </sect1>
116
117    <sect1 id="accessing_the_device">
118      <title>Accessing the device</title>
119      <para>
120	The part of the interface most used by drivers is reading and
121	writing memory-mapped registers on the device.	Linux provides
122	interfaces to read and write 8-bit, 16-bit, 32-bit and 64-bit
123	quantities.  Due to a historical accident, these are named byte,
124	word, long and quad accesses.  Both read and write accesses are
125	supported; there is no prefetch support at this time.
126      </para>
127
128      <para>
129	The functions are named <function>readb</function>,
130	<function>readw</function>, <function>readl</function>,
131	<function>readq</function>, <function>readb_relaxed</function>,
132	<function>readw_relaxed</function>, <function>readl_relaxed</function>,
133	<function>readq_relaxed</function>, <function>writeb</function>,
134	<function>writew</function>, <function>writel</function> and
135	<function>writeq</function>.
136      </para>
137
138      <para>
139	Some devices (such as framebuffers) would like to use larger
140	transfers than 8 bytes at a time.  For these devices, the
141	<function>memcpy_toio</function>, <function>memcpy_fromio</function>
142	and <function>memset_io</function> functions are provided.
143	Do not use memset or memcpy on IO addresses; they
144	are not guaranteed to copy data in order.
145      </para>
146
147      <para>
148	The read and write functions are defined to be ordered. That is the
149	compiler is not permitted to reorder the I/O sequence. When the 
150	ordering can be compiler optimised, you can use <function>
151	__readb</function> and friends to indicate the relaxed ordering. Use 
152	this with care.
153      </para>
154
155      <para>
156	While the basic functions are defined to be synchronous with respect
157	to each other and ordered with respect to each other the busses the
158	devices sit on may themselves have asynchronicity. In particular many
159	authors are burned by the fact that PCI bus writes are posted
160	asynchronously. A driver author must issue a read from the same
161	device to ensure that writes have occurred in the specific cases the
162	author cares. This kind of property cannot be hidden from driver
163	writers in the API.  In some cases, the read used to flush the device
164	may be expected to fail (if the card is resetting, for example).  In
165	that case, the read should be done from config space, which is
166	guaranteed to soft-fail if the card doesn't respond.
167      </para>
168
169      <para>
170	The following is an example of flushing a write to a device when
171	the driver would like to ensure the write's effects are visible prior
172	to continuing execution.
173      </para>
174
175<programlisting>
176static inline void
177qla1280_disable_intrs(struct scsi_qla_host *ha)
178{
179	struct device_reg *reg;
180
181	reg = ha->iobase;
182	/* disable risc and host interrupts */
183	WRT_REG_WORD(&amp;reg->ictrl, 0);
184	/*
185	 * The following read will ensure that the above write
186	 * has been received by the device before we return from this
187	 * function.
188	 */
189	RD_REG_WORD(&amp;reg->ictrl);
190	ha->flags.ints_enabled = 0;
191}
192</programlisting>
193
194      <para>
195	In addition to write posting, on some large multiprocessing systems
196	(e.g. SGI Challenge, Origin and Altix machines) posted writes won't
197	be strongly ordered coming from different CPUs.  Thus it's important
198	to properly protect parts of your driver that do memory-mapped writes
199	with locks and use the <function>mmiowb</function> to make sure they
200	arrive in the order intended.  Issuing a regular <function>readX
201	</function> will also ensure write ordering, but should only be used
202	when the driver has to be sure that the write has actually arrived
203	at the device (not that it's simply ordered with respect to other
204	writes), since a full <function>readX</function> is a relatively
205	expensive operation.
206      </para>
207
208      <para>
209	Generally, one should use <function>mmiowb</function> prior to
210	releasing a spinlock that protects regions using <function>writeb
211	</function> or similar functions that aren't surrounded by <function>
212	readb</function> calls, which will ensure ordering and flushing.  The
213	following pseudocode illustrates what might occur if write ordering
214	isn't guaranteed via <function>mmiowb</function> or one of the
215	<function>readX</function> functions.
216      </para>
217
218<programlisting>
219CPU A:  spin_lock_irqsave(&amp;dev_lock, flags)
220CPU A:  ...
221CPU A:  writel(newval, ring_ptr);
222CPU A:  spin_unlock_irqrestore(&amp;dev_lock, flags)
223        ...
224CPU B:  spin_lock_irqsave(&amp;dev_lock, flags)
225CPU B:  writel(newval2, ring_ptr);
226CPU B:  ...
227CPU B:  spin_unlock_irqrestore(&amp;dev_lock, flags)
228</programlisting>
229
230      <para>
231	In the case above, newval2 could be written to ring_ptr before
232	newval.  Fixing it is easy though:
233      </para>
234
235<programlisting>
236CPU A:  spin_lock_irqsave(&amp;dev_lock, flags)
237CPU A:  ...
238CPU A:  writel(newval, ring_ptr);
239CPU A:  mmiowb(); /* ensure no other writes beat us to the device */
240CPU A:  spin_unlock_irqrestore(&amp;dev_lock, flags)
241        ...
242CPU B:  spin_lock_irqsave(&amp;dev_lock, flags)
243CPU B:  writel(newval2, ring_ptr);
244CPU B:  ...
245CPU B:  mmiowb();
246CPU B:  spin_unlock_irqrestore(&amp;dev_lock, flags)
247</programlisting>
248
249      <para>
250	See tg3.c for a real world example of how to use <function>mmiowb
251	</function>
252      </para>
253
254      <para>
255	PCI ordering rules also guarantee that PIO read responses arrive
256	after any outstanding DMA writes from that bus, since for some devices
257	the result of a <function>readb</function> call may signal to the
258	driver that a DMA transaction is complete.  In many cases, however,
259	the driver may want to indicate that the next
260	<function>readb</function> call has no relation to any previous DMA
261	writes performed by the device.  The driver can use
262	<function>readb_relaxed</function> for these cases, although only
263	some platforms will honor the relaxed semantics.  Using the relaxed
264	read functions will provide significant performance benefits on
265	platforms that support it.  The qla2xxx driver provides examples
266	of how to use <function>readX_relaxed</function>.  In many cases,
267	a majority of the driver's <function>readX</function> calls can
268	safely be converted to <function>readX_relaxed</function> calls, since
269	only a few will indicate or depend on DMA completion.
270      </para>
271    </sect1>
272
273  </chapter>
274
275  <chapter id="port_space_accesses">
276    <title>Port Space Accesses</title>
277    <sect1 id="port_space_explained">
278      <title>Port Space Explained</title>
279
280      <para>
281	Another form of IO commonly supported is Port Space.  This is a
282	range of addresses separate to the normal memory address space.
283	Access to these addresses is generally not as fast as accesses
284	to the memory mapped addresses, and it also has a potentially
285	smaller address space.
286      </para>
287
288      <para>
289	Unlike memory mapped IO, no preparation is required
290	to access port space.
291      </para>
292
293    </sect1>
294    <sect1 id="accessing_port_space">
295      <title>Accessing Port Space</title>
296      <para>
297	Accesses to this space are provided through a set of functions
298	which allow 8-bit, 16-bit and 32-bit accesses; also
299	known as byte, word and long.  These functions are
300	<function>inb</function>, <function>inw</function>,
301	<function>inl</function>, <function>outb</function>,
302	<function>outw</function> and <function>outl</function>.
303      </para>
304
305      <para>
306	Some variants are provided for these functions.  Some devices
307	require that accesses to their ports are slowed down.  This
308	functionality is provided by appending a <function>_p</function>
309	to the end of the function.  There are also equivalents to memcpy.
310	The <function>ins</function> and <function>outs</function>
311	functions copy bytes, words or longs to the given port.
312      </para>
313    </sect1>
314
315  </chapter>
316
317  <chapter id="pubfunctions">
318     <title>Public Functions Provided</title>
319!Iarch/x86/include/asm/io.h
320!Elib/pci_iomap.c
321  </chapter>
322
323</book>
324