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7 overlay-filesystem functionality in Linux (sometimes referred to as
16 This approach is 'hybrid' because the objects that appear in the
18 cases an object accessed in the union will be indistinguishable
33 and a 'lower' filesystem.  When a name exists in both filesystems, the
34 object in the 'upper' filesystem is visible while the object in the
35 'lower' filesystem is either hidden or, in the case of directories,
40 directory trees to be in the same filesystem and there is no
48 must provide valid d_type in readdir responses, so NFS is not suitable.
56 Overlaying mainly involves directories.  If a given name appears in both
57 upper and lower filesystems and refers to a non-directory in either,
73 Then whenever a lookup is requested in such a merged directory, the
74 lookup is performed in each actual directory and the combined result
75 is cached in the dentry belonging to the overlay filesystem.  If both
88 filesystem, an overlay filesystem needs to record in the upper filesystem
93 When a whiteout is found in the upper level of a merged directory, any
94 matching name in the lower level is ignored, and the whiteout itself
99 directory in the lower filesystem with the same name is ignored.
105 lower directories are each read and the name lists merged in the
107 exist are not re-added).  This merged name list is cached in the
125 there may be little correlation between the old and new locations in
126 the list of filenames, particularly if anything has changed in the
138 appropriate.  When a file in the lower filesystem is accessed in a way
149 exists in the upper filesystem - creating it and any parents as
156 provides direct access to the newly created file in the upper
196 Symlinks in /proc/PID/ and /proc/PID/fd which point to a non-directory
197 object in overlayfs will not contain valid absolute paths, only
199 fixed in the future.
202 rename will leave the filesystem in an inconsistent state.  This will
203 be addressed in the future.
213 the behavior of the overlay is undefined, though it will not result in